State Organs and Their Rule Making Powers Under The New Constıtutıon Of The Republic of Turkey
State Organs and Their Rule Making Powers Under The New Constıtutıon Of The Republic of Turkey
Bülent SÖZER - Vedat Kitapçılık
CONTENTS
Abbreviations................................................................ IX
Bibliography.................................................................. XI
INTRODUCTION
STATE ORGANS and
SEPARATION of FUNCTIONS
I. AN OVERVIEW...................................................... 1
II. ORGANISATION OF THE TURKISH STATE.. 9
§ 1 - THE LEGISLATIVE ORGAN /
THE LEGISLATURE
I. THE INSTITUTION.............................................. 12
II. FORMATION OF THE LEGISLATURE.......... 18
III. STATUS OF THE MEMBERS OF
PARLIAMENT...................................................... 20
1. The Nature and Characteristic of the
Representative Competency................................. 20
2. Immunities Enjoyed by the Members
of Parliament......................................................... 21
a. Freedom of Speech - Parliamentary
Immunity.......................................................... 22
b. Immunity From Arrest - Legislative
Immunity.......................................................... 23
IV. POWERS and DUTIES......................................... 24
1. Making Acts......................................................... 24
2. Terminating the Term of Office
of the President..................................................... 32
V. RULE MAKING PROCEDURE.......................... 36
1. Sessions .............................................................. 36
2. Submission of Bills........................................... 37
3. The Quorums.................................................... 37
VI. THE INTERNAL PROCEDURE........................ 38
§ 2 - THE EXECUTIVE ORGAN
I. THE INSTITUTION.............................................. 40
II. DIFFERENT ORGANISATIONAL MODELS. 43
1. The Unitary Type.................................................. 43
2. The Collegial Type............................................ 44
3. The Dualist Type............................................... 45
III. THE EXECUTIVE ORGAN UNDER
TURKISH CONSTITUTION............................... 45
1. An Overview of the System............................. 45
2. The President of the Republic of Turkey.............. 50
a. Election of the President.................................. 50
b. Organisational Powers of the President............ 51
c. Rule Making Powers of the President.............. 57
aa. Presidential Decree..................................... 57
bb. Presidential By-Law................................... 64
cc. Indirect Power of the President
on the Drafting of the Acts........................ 66
d. Penal Responsibility of the President............... 67
3. Vice-Presidents................................................. 72
4. The Ministerial Organisations........................... 75
§ 3 - THE JUDICIAL ORGAN /
THE JUDICIARY
I. THE INSTITUTION.............................................. 79
II. STATUS OF THE JUDGES................................. 81
1. Independence of the Judges............................. 81
2. Security of Tenure............................................ 83
III. ORGANISATION of the JUDICIAL ORGAN... 83
1. Courts of General Jurisdiction.............................. 84
a. The Courts of First Instance /
The Local Courts.............................................. 85
b. The Regional Courts......................................... 86
c. The Court of Appeal......................................... 87
2. Administrative Courts........................................... 88
a. The Courts of First Instance /
The Administrative Courts............................... 89
b. The Regional Courts......................................... 90
c. The Council of State......................................... 91
d. Administrative Actions..................................... 94
aa. Claims Actions............................................ 94
bb. Annulment Actions..................................... 94
3. Court of Jurisdictional Disputes........................... 95
4. Court of Constitution........................................... 96
a. In General......................................................... 96
b. Duties and Powers............................................ 97
c. Judicial Review by the Constitutional Court.. 100
aa. Introduction.............................................. 100
bb. Subject and Scope of the Judicial
Review ..................................................... 105
i. Amendments to the Constitution........ 105
ii. Acts..................................................... 106
iii. Presidential Decrees............................ 107
iv. House Regulation of the TGNA......... 108
cc. Categories of Judicial Review................... 108
i. Judicial Review Related to
Substance............................................ 108
ii. Judicial Review Related to
Procedure............................................ 112
dd. Methods/Means of Judicial Review......... 116
i. Action for Annulment - Direct
Action................................................. 116
ii. Plea of Unconstitutionality - Review
by way of Exceptio............................. 116
cc. Effects of the Decisions of the
Court of Constitution............................... 118
IV. LAW MAKING POWERS.................................. 118
§ 4 - THE ADMINISTRATIVE ORGAN -
THE ADMINISTRATION
I. THE INSTITUTION............................................ 121
1. An Overview.................................................. 121
2. Historical Development.................................. 124
II. THE ORGANISATION OF THE
ADMINISTRATIVE ORGAN............................ 127
1. The Legal Basis............................................... 127
2. The Central Administration............................ 129
a. The Principal Administration.................... 129
b. The Provincial Administration........................ 129
3. De-Centralised Administration....................... 130
a. Local Administrations.............................. 130
b. Functionally De-Centralised Organisations.... 131
c. Public Professional Organisations................... 132
III. PUBLIC POWER................................................ 133
1. In General........................................................... 133
2. Rule Making Powers of the Administration....... 135
3. Judicial Review................................................... 136
a. Claims Action................................................. 139
b. Annulment Action 139