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Provısıonal Measures of Protectıon In Internatıonal Law : 1907 - 2010
Provısıonal Measures of Protectıon In Internatıonal Law : 1907 - 2010
Mehmet Semih GEMALMAZ
Sayfa Sayısı
:
813
Kitap Ölçüleri
:
16x23 cm
Basım Yılı
:
2011
ISBN NO
:
9786054420360
1.260,00
TL TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS V ABBREVIATIONS XIII TABLE OF CASES (PCIJ & ICJ) XVII INTRODÜCTION 1 CHAPTER I - PROVİSİONAL MEASLRES LEGİSLATİON İN INTERNATONAL LAW A-) From Central American Court ofJustice to Mix Arbitral Tribunals 3 1. Convention tor the Establishment of a Central American Court ofJustice ... 3 i-) Provisional measure provisions in the 1907 CACJ Convention 3 ii-) The CACJ Regulations (1911) and Ordinance (1912) 5 iii-) Further developments in the region 7 2. The Bryan Treaties and Mixed Arbitral Tribunals 10 i-) The Bryan Treaties (1914) 10 ii-) Mixed Arbitral Tribunals 13 B-) Provisional measures legislation ofthe Permanent Court of International Jıtstice 17 1. Statute ofthe PCIJ 17 i-) Draftingof Article41 ofthe Statute 18 ii-) Influence of Article 41 ofthe Statute on the subsequent arbitration treaties 24 2. Rules of Court ofthe PCIJ 33 İ-) Original "Rules of Court" (24/03/1922) 34 ii-)The 1931 Rcvision 40 iii-) The 1936 Revısion 47 C-J Provisional measures legislation ofthe International Court ofJıtstice 53 1. Article 41 ofthe ICJ Statute 54 2. Rules of Court and Practice Directions ofthe ICJ 55 i-) Rules of Court ofthe ICJ 55 ii-) Practice Directions ofthe ICJ 59 3. Arguments on the legal nature of provisional measure orders 62 i-) Arguments referring to the letter ofthe provision 63 a) Under the PCIJ system 63 b) Under the ICJ system 64 ii-) Arguments referring to the place of the provision in the Statute and intention of the drafters 69 a) The place of Article 41 in the ICJ Statute 69 b) intention of the drafters 70 iii-) Further arguments submitted in favor of the binding nature of provisional measures 71 D-) Provisional measures legislation under the Convention on the Law of the Sea and the lawofthe European Union 81 l.The 1982UNCLOS 81 i-) Article 290 of the UNCLOS 81 ii-) Article 25 of the Statute of the ITLOS 83 iii-) Relevant provisions in the "Rules of the Tribunal" 84 iv-) Assessment of the relevant legislation 87 v-) The 1995 "Fish Stocks Agreement" 94 2. Interim measures in the European Court of Justice 96 CHAPTER II - PROVİSİONAL MEASURES PRACTICE İN INTERNATONAL LAW A-) Provisional measure practice of the Central American Court of Justice 103 1. "Honduras and Nicaragua v. El Salvador and Guatemala" case (1908).... 103 i-)TwoOrders of 13/07/1908 103 ii-) Assessment of the Orders 106 2. "Costa Rica v. Nicaragua" (1916) and "El Salvador v. Nicaragua" (1917) cases 108 i-) "Costa Rica v. Nicaragua" case 108 ii-) "El Salvador v. Nicaragua" case 110 B-) Provisional measure practice of the PCIJ 113 1. Cases in vvhich provisional measure requests were rejected 113 i-)"FactoryatChorzow"case(Orderof21/ll/1927) 113 ii-) The "Legal Status of the South-Eastern of Greenland" case (Order of 03/08/1932) 117 a) Order of 03/08/1932 117 b) Judgment of 05/04/1933 and termination of the case 122 iii-) "Administration of the Prince von Pless" case (Order of 11/05/1933) 123 iv-) "Polish Agrarian Reform and German Minority" case (Order of 29/07/1933) 125 2. Cases in which provisional measure requests were granted 129 i-) "China-Belgium Treaty" case 129 a) Order of 08/01/1927 129 b) Order of 15/02/1927 132 c) Assessment 134 ii-) "Electricity Company of Sofıa and Bulgaria" case 137 a) Order of 05/12/1939 137 b) Assessment 140 C-) Provisional measures practice ofthelCJ 142 1. List of provisional measures cases 142 i-) Table of cases in which provisional measures are granted 142 ii-) Table of cases in which provisional measures are rejected 146 2. Substantial criteria and issues 149 i-) Preservation of status quo pendente lite and of the rights claimed 149 ii-) Prima facie jurisdiction 155 a) Doctrınal arguments 158 b) The case-law of the ICJ 165 c) Additional submission for the basis of jurisdiction of the Court at the late stage of provisional measure proceedings 184 d) Failure of the establishment of the Court′s prima facie jurisdiction.. 185 iii-) Inherent power to indicate, as well as to revoke or modify provisional measures 194 iv-) İndication of provisional measures proprio motu and ordering measures other than those requested 202 a) Power to indicate provisional measures proprio motu 202 b) Measures other than those requested 206 v-) Urgency of the situation and risk of irreparable prejudice 223 a) Substantive urgency 223 b) irreparable prejudice 226 c) Relationship betvveen "irreparable prejudice" and "capability of reparation" 231 d) Lack of elements of "urgency" and irreparable prejudice" 237 vi-) Relationship betvveen the subject-matter of the provisional measures sought and of the principal Application 258 vii-) An indirect submission of a request for the indication of provisional measures 262 viii-) Pronouncement for reserving the right to request the Court to indicate provisional measures 263 ix-) Request for the postponement of consideration and withdrawal of the request 265 3. Procedural criteria and issues 267 İ-) Procedural urgency 267 a) The! a) ı ne scope of the procedural urgency under Article 74/1 -3 of the RulesofCourt 267 b) Lapses of time between the request for the indication of provisional measure and the Court′s order 271 aa. The period between the request and the order in cases where such a request is granted or rejected 271 bb. Observations 272 cc. Observations concerning the practice of a Chamber of the Court ,.277 .284 dd. Responsibility of States c) Lapses of time between the request for the indication of provisional measure and holding of hearings 285 aa. The period between the request and the hearing in cases where such a request is granted or rejected 285 bb. Observations 286 d) Pronouncement for the expedition of the proceedings on the merits.294 ii-) Power of the President of the Court 296 a) The scope of the power under Article 74/4 of the Rules of Court 297 b) Cases in which Article 74/4 of the Rules of Court has been applied.301 c) Cases in vvhich the application of Article 74/4 of the Rules of Court has been rejected 310 iii-) Evidence, assessment and burden ofproof. 32J a) Normative grounds and basic principles of the regime of evidence ..321 b) Burden ofproof in the judgments of the Court 326 ged prejudice . e application of evidence rules in international human rights law iv-) Request for information for the implementati f i ii on for the implementation of indicated provisional measures 35 a) The scope of the power under Article 78 f th R b he power under Article 78 of the Rules of Court b) Practice regarding request for infoi ) 350 8 of the Rules of Court 350 ng request for information 356 c) Possibility to indicate provisional measures merely requesting information 360 v-) Power to remove the case from the Court′s list 363 a) Rejection of request for removal of the case from the list in cases vvhere provisional measures were granted 363 c) Circumstantial evidence 330 d) Proof for existence of custom 336 e) Evidence in provisional measure cases 339 f) Failure to demonstrate sufficient evidence for the alleged prejudice . b) Rejection of request for removal of the case from the üst in cases where provisional measures were dismissed 365 vi-) Non-cooperative attitudes in the proceedings 368 a) Non-appearance at the merits stage of proceedings and its consequences 369 b) Non-appearance at the provisional measure proceedings and its consequences 372 CHAPTER III - OTHER MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS CONCERNING PROVİSİONAL MEASURES İN INTERNATONAL LAW A-) Advisory proceedings and provisional measures 377 1. General observations on advisory proceedings 377 i-) Relevant legislation 377 ii-) Practice of advisory opinions 381 iii-) The effect of advisory opinions 393 2. Relationship betvveen advisory opinions and provisional measures 397 B-) Inten′ention and provisional measures 402 1. Intervention under Article 62 of the Statute 403 İ-) General observations 403 ii-) Cases where intervention was granted under Article 62 411 2. Intervention under Article 63 of the Statute 414 i-) General observations 414 ii-) Practice under Article 63 419 C-) Role of UN organs and compliance with the Court′s orders oj provisional measures 427 1. Role of the Security Council 428 i-) Article 94 of the UN Charter and Article 41 of the ICJ Statute 428 ii-) Notification under Article 40/2 of the Court′s Statute 436 iii-) Notification under Article 77 of the Rules of Court 438 2. Examples of cases 446 i-) "Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (United Kingdom v. Iran)" case 446 ii-) "Diplomatic and consular staff in Tehran (USA v. Iran)" case 450 iii-) "Military and paramilitary activities (Nicaragua v. USA)" case 454 iv-) "Aerial incident at Lockerbie (Libya v. UK; Libya v. USA)" cases....455 v-) "′Application of Genocide Convention (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia)" case 459 vi-) "Land and maritime boundary (Cameroon v. Nigeria)" case 463 vii-) "Armed activities (Congo v. Uganda)" case 467 3. Role of the General Assembl 471 D-) Correlation behveen decision on provisional measııres and final decision on the case 476 1. Table of cases in which provisional measures are granted 476 2. Table of cases in which provisional measures are rejected 494 E-) The subject-matter of provisional measures indicated. 503 1. Prevention of aggravation or extension of the dispute 504 i-)Scope 504 ii-) Categories of various applications 508 a) First category: indication of measure to refrain from aggravating the dispute 508 b) Second category: no such measure at ali 514 c) Third category: rejection of interim measure request but pronouncement of refraining from aggravation of the dispute 516 2. Different type of provisional measures 523 i-) Measures concerning substantial issues 523 a) Measures imposing a duty to refrain from carrying-out nuclear tests 523 b) Measures imposing a duty to release hostages 524 c) Measures imposing a duty to decrease armed tension 524 d) Measures requiring prevention and punishment of certain crimes ....524 e) Measures requiring respect for human rights and humanitarian law .525 f) Measures requiring suspension of executions 525 g) Measures imposing facilitation duty 525 h) Measures concerning the right to property and free commercial activity 526 ii-) Measures concerning procedural issues 530 a) Preservation of evidence 530 b) Transmission of the Order to competent domestic authorities 532 F-) Cases with human rights dimensions 534 1. Introduction 534 2. Human rights elements in Advisory Opinions 538 3. Human rights elements in contentious cases 544 i-) General observations concerning provisional measures in human rights related cases 544 ii-) Specifıc examples of provisional measures application in armed conflict and frontier dispute cases 555 a) "Military and Paramilitary Activities (Nicaragua v. USA)" case 555 b) "Armed Activities (Congo v. Rwanda)" case 564 4. An example for provisional measures application in an early diplomatic protection case: The "Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (USA v. İran)" case 574 ı-) Provisional measure Order of 15/12/1979 574 ii-)Judgment of 24/05/1980 575 CHAPTER IV - THE ICJ JURISPRUDENCE ON THE BINDING NATURE OF PROVİSİONAL MEASURES ORDERS A-) Pre-LaGrancI: "Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (Paraguay v. USA)" case 579 1. Provisional measure Order of 09/04/1998 579 2. Non-compliance with the Court′s order 582 i-) The approach of the US administration and judiciary with respect to the Court′s order 583 ii-) Discontinuance of the proceedings: a political cost? 592 B-) The "LaGrand" case 595 1. Provisional measure Order of 03/03/1999 595 2. Judgment of 27/06/2001 603 i-) Arguments of the Parties submitted at the written and oral stages of the proceedings 603 ii-) Main aspects of the Judgment 605 3. Assessment 611 i-) Did the "Soering" judgment of the European Court of Human Rights play a role in Germany′s conduct before the ICJ in the "LaGrand" case? .611 ii-) The signifıcance of the "LaGrand" Judgment with respect to the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations and the question of remedies..612 iii-) The Inter-American Court′s Advisory Opinion on the "Right to Information on Consular Assistance" of 01/10/1999 622 iv-) Binding character of provisional measures Orders of the ICJ 630 C-) Post-LaGrcınd: reconfîrmation of the binding nature of provisional measures 637 1. "Land andMaritime Boundary (Cameroon andNigeria)" case 637 İ-) Provisional measure Order of 15/03/1996 and Judgment of 10/10/2002 637 ii-) Assessment 641 2. "Armed Activities (Congo and Uganda)" case 642 i-) Provisional measure Order of 01/07/2000 and Judgment of 19/12/2005 642 ii-) Assessment 646 3. "Application of Genocide Convention (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia)" case 651 i-) Provisional measure Orders of 08/04/1993 and of 13/09/1993 651 ii-) Judgments of 11/07/1996 (Preliminary Objections) and of 26/02/2007 (Merits) 658 iii-) Assessment 662 4. "Application of the CERD (Georgia v. Russian Federation)" case 667 i-) Provisional measure Order of 15/10/2008 667 ii-) Assessment: One case, two Courts (ICJ and ECtHR) and two provisional measure Orders 672 a) Assessment of the ICJ′s Provisional measure Order of 15/10/2008..672 b) Assessment of the ECtHR′s interim measure Order of 12/08/2008 ..680 5. "Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. USA)" case 688 i-) Provisional measure Order of 05/02/2003 688 İİ-) Judgment of 31/03/2004 695 iii-) Developments in the period between the 2004 Avena Judgment and Mexico′s new Application in 2008 712 iv-) Provisional measure Order of 16/07/2008 and Judgment of 19/01/2009 717 a) Provisional measure Order of 16/07/2008 (Request for interpretation of the Judgment of 31/03/2004 and for the indication of provisional measures) 717 b) Judgment of 19/01/2009 721 SOME CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS 725 BIBLİOGRAPHY 745 CASEINDEX 773 SUBJECT1NDEX 793
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