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Fundamentals Of Turkısh Prıvate Law ( Revısed Tenth Edıtıon )
Fundamentals Of Turkısh Prıvate Law ( Revısed Tenth Edıtıon )
Erhan ADAL
Sayfa Sayısı
:
1035
Kitap Ölçüleri
:
16x23 cm
Basım Yılı
:
2012
ISBN NO
:
9786054354443
1.460,00
TL PREFACE TO THE TENTH EDITION Finally at last, the New Turkish Code of Obligations and the new Turkish Commercial Codes were accepted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly on 11.01.2011 and 13.01.2011, promulgated in the Official Gazette on 04.02.2011 and 14.02.2011. Both Codes are in force by 01.07.2012. New provisions of the Codes are abbreviated as Code of Obligations | (CO) and Commercial Code (Com.C). This edition contains the changes made by the Turkish legislature (Appendix 1); and some major additions to the Glossary (Appendix 6) I sincerely hope that, this manual will be of use to both practitioners, j academicians and students. 1 would like to express my gratitude to Mr. Ahmet OZCAN, Assistant Professor of English Section of Yeditepe University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences for his assistance in the drawings and preparations for the final changes. Last but not least, an expression of gratiude is due to Nalan ADAL, my′ beloved wife for her everlasting efforts in motivating me and for her unique and unequalled patience and tolerance. Bati Atasehir, August, 2012 Emeritus Prof. Dr. Erhan ADAL CONTENTS BOOK ONE (THE CIVIL LAW) § 1. THE CONCEPT OF LAW 1 1. The positive law or applied law 2 2. The enacted law 2 3. Natural law or ideal law 3 4. Objective law, subjective law 4 5. National law, International law 4 6. Substantive law and procedural laws 4 § 2. DIFFERENT BRANCHES OF LAW 4 I. IN GENERAL 4 II. BRANCHES of PUBLIC LAW 5 1. Constitutional Law 5 2. The Administrative Law 6 3. The Criminal Law 6 4. The Judicial Law 6 a) Constitutional Jurisdiction 6 b) Administrative Jurisdiction 6 c) Military Jurisdiction 7 d) Judicial Jurisdiction 7 5. Public International Law 8 6. Fiscal Law 9 III. BRANCHES OF PRIVATE LAW 9 1. The Civil Law 9 2. The Commercial Law 10 (A) General mode of transportation 11 (B) Water transportation (solely) 12 3. Private International Law / Conflict of Laws 14 IV. MIXED / SUI GENERIS LAW BRANCHES 14 § 3. SOURCES OF TURKISH LAW 18 I. IN GENERAL 18 1. Static codifications 19 2. Dynamic codifications 19 aa. Codifications aiming at alteration of regime 19 bb. Codifications aiming at alteration of Social and Economic Structure 20 cc. Codifications aiming at International Integration 20 3. Methods used in codification 20 a. Casuistic method 20 b. Abstract method 20 c. Abstract casuistic method 21 II. LEGISLATION 21 1. Generally 21 2. Legislation in the Turkish Legal system 21 3. Main features of Legislation 21 4. Hierarchy of written laws or enacted law 22 (a) the Constitution 22 (b) Codes, Statutes, Acts of Parliament 22 (c) Statutory (Governmental) Decrees 23 (d) International Treaties 23 (e) Regulations 24 (f) Directives (By-laws) 24 (g) Joint-decision of United Chambers of the High Court of Appeals 24 III. CUSTOMARY LAW 24 1. Antiquity 25 2. Continuity 25 3. Popular belief in the quality of a custom (opinio necessitatis) 25 4. State sanction 25 5. Agreement with Statutory Law 26 § 4. THE CONCEPT OF «SYSTEM OF LAW» 26 I. INTRODUCTION 26 II. THE CIVIL LAW SYSTEM 27 1. Historical Development 27 (A) Roman Law 27 (B) French Law 29 (C) German Law 32 III. THE COMMON LAW SYSTEM 37 1. Sources of law 37 (A) Common Law (B) Case Law 391 C) Statute Law 45[ (D) Equity 4 2. Functions of Equity 3. Contributions of Equity § 5. THE TURKISH LEGAL SYSTEM I. INTRODUCTION II. THE RECEPTION OF WESTERN LAW IN TURKEY 1) Reception of Law 2) Modern reception 3) Sources adopted 4) General Problems of Reception § 6. PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS AND SCOPE OF THE CIVIL CODE 59 I. INTRODUCTION 59 II. ARTICLE 1 OF THE CIVIL CODE 60 1) Distinctive features of the Code 61 2) Meaning and scope of Article 1 65 3) Sources of Jaw set forth in article 1 66 III. TYPICAL JUDGEMENTS ON ARTICLE 4 73 1) On the guardianship of persons of full age 74 2) Grounds of Divorce 75 3) Effect of divorce or judicial separation on the chidren of the marriage 76 4) Forfeiture of parental power 76 5) Responsibility of the head of the family 77 6) Compensation for breach of promise of marriage (article 119 CC): 77 7) Determination of damage 78 8) Reduction of penalty taken by the damaged party» 78 IV. TYPICAL JUDGMENTS ON ARTICLE 2 AND 3 (GOOD FAITH) 78 A) In Civil Law areas 81 aa - Family law 81 bb - Law of Inheritance 81 cc - Law of property 82 § 7. LAW OF PERSONS 85 I. IN GENERAL 85 II. PERSONS AS SUBJECTS OF RIGHTS 86 III. CAPACITY TO ACT 87 1. Definition 87 2. Degree of capacity 87 (a) Full capacity 87 (i) minority 88 (ii) mental sickness 88 (iii) mental weakness 88 (b)Full incapacity 89 (c) Limited capacity 90 IV. RELATIONSHIP/KINDRED 91 1. Concept 91 2. Kinds of relationship 91 (a) Kindred by blood 91 aa- Kindred by parentage 91 bb - Kindred by collateral 92 (b) Kindred by marriage 92 3. Relationship by law (legal relationship) adoption (foster child) 93 § 8. FAMILY LAW 95 I. CONCEPT 95 II. ENGAGEMENT (BETROTHAL) 95 1) Capacity 96 2) Promise of marriage must come through engaged people 3) Non existence of any marriage impediment III. MARRIAGE ]. Conditions for a valid marriage a - Mental capacity b - Age c - Non existence of marriage impediments d - Non existence of aperiod of delay IV. DISSOLUTION OF MARITAL BOND 1) Death of one of the parties; 2) Annulment of the marriage 3) Divorce A) Grounds of divorce (i) Specific grounds of divorce a - Adultery b - Attempts on life, ill usage c - to commit a crime and lead a dishonourable life 1( d - Desertion ]( e - Insanity 1( (ii) General ground of divorce, "Rupture of conjugal relations" 1( Bj Role and function of the judge in a divorce suit: II C) Legal consequences of divorce 1) 4) Judicial separation 11 9. LAW OF INHERITANCE 11 I. GENERALLY 11 II. INTESTATE SUCCESSION 11 1. Parental System 11 2. Otherpersons who may inherit 11 (a) Illegitimate children 11 (b) Adopted children 12 (c) The surviving spouse (Art. 499 CC) 12 III. TESTATE SUCCESSION 12 1) Wills 12 a) Capacity 12 b)Fonn 12 aa - The public/authentic or official will 12 bb - The holograph/handwritten will 12 cc - The oral / verbal /nuncupative will 12 2) Contract of inheritance / testamentary pact 12 IV. INTERPRETATION OF DISPOSITIONS MORTIS CAUSA \%_ V. RESERVED PORTION U 1) Descendants 12 2) Parents 12 3) Sisters and brothers 12 VI. METHODS FOR THE LIQUIDATION OF THE DEBTS OF THE DECEASED PERSON 132 1) Common features and historical background 132 2) The French Civil Code System 134 3) The German Civil Code System 137 4) The Anglo American Legal System 140 5) The Swiss - Turkish Civil Code System 142 § 10. LAW OF PROPERTY 145 I. GENERALLY 145 II. PROPERTY 148 III. OWNERSHIP 149 IV. OWNERSHIP AND POSSESSION 150 1) Scope of ownership 151 (a) Integral parts (components, fixture) 151 (b) Natural fruits 152 (c) Accessories 152 2) Nature and limits of ownership 153 3) Types of Ownership 153 (a) Joint/United ownership (art. 688 CC) 153 aa - Management (art. 689 CC) 153 bb - Disposing of the property (conveyancing transaction) 154 (b) Ownership in common (art. 701 CC) 154 4) Acquisition of Ownership 155 (a) for movables 155 b) for immovables 156 V. LAND REGISTER 159 VI. RESTRICTED REAL RIGHTS 161 1. Servitudes / Easement 161 2. Land charges 166 3. Mortgage 167 BOOK TWO (THE LAW OF OBLIGATIONS - SOURCES) §11. THE CLASSIFICATION OF OBLIGATIONS 173 I. INTRODUCTION 173 II. THE CLASSIFICATION OF OBLIGATIONS UNDER THE CIVIL LAW 175 1. Roman law 175 A) Roman Law of Obligations 175 B) Roman Law of Contracts 176 2. The French Law 178 A) French Law of Contracts 179 B) The Effects of Contracts 183 3) The German law 184 A) General Principles 184 B) Contractual Obligations 187 III. THE CLASSIFICATION OF OBLIGATIONS UNDER THE COMMON LAW 194 1. The law of contracts in general 194 2. Consideration 197 § 12. SOURCES OF OBLIGATIONS IN THE SWISS / TURKISH CODE OF OBLIGATIONS 199 I. INTRODUCTION 199 II. CONTRACTS 202 1. Definition and Classification 202 2. A Valid Agreement 204 I (a) Offer 204 (b) Acceptance 206 3. Capacity 209 4. Legal Cause 2111 5. Legality of the Subject Matter 212I 6. Genuine Consent 222I (a) Error / Mistake 2231 b) Willful Fraud / Misrepresentation 2261 (c) Duress 227* 7. Form of Contract 229 (a) Written form as «means of proof» (ad probationem): 229 (b) Written form as a "prerequisite of validity" (ad solemnitatem) 229 8. Representation (Agency) 231 (a) Indirect representation 232 (b) Direct representation 232 § 13. DEL1CTUAL ACTS (ILLEGAL ACTS) 243 I. Roman law of Delicts 24! 1. Furtum 24! 2. Injuria 24j 3. Damnum injuria datum 24 4. Roman law of quasi delicts 2 II. French law of Delicts and quasi delicts 24: 1. Introduction 24 2. Fault and Negligence 24 3. Imputed Responsibility, (a) Article 1384 % III. German law of Delictual Obligations % IV. The English Law of Torts 21 A) Trespass 2i - B) Nuisance C) Negligence V. ILLEGAL ACTS IN SWISS / TURKISH LAW 1. Elements of tortious liability (A) Damages 288 (B) Adequate causality 293 (C) Illegality 294 (D) Fault 295 2. Absolute (strict) Liability 298 A) Equitable liability 299 B) Liability for dangerous activities 299 (a) Vicarious liability (liability of the employer) 301 (b) Contractual liability (of the party) versus the adverse party (for his assistants′ acts) 302 (c) Liability of animal keepers 305 (d) Liability of building owners or other structures 305 3) Traffic liability 307 § 14. UNJUSTIFIED ENRICHMENT 338 I. Roman Law of quasi contracts 339 II. French Law of Quasi Contracts 339 1. In General 339 2. Gestion d′Affaires 340 3. Repetition de I′lndu 341 III. German Law of quasi ex contractu 341 IV. Anglo-American law 342 V. UNJUSTIFIED ENRICHMENT IN SWISS - TURKISH LAW 343 1. In General 343 2. Conditions of claim based on unjustified enrichment 343 3. Exceptions to claim based on unjustified enrichment 344 4. Nature of the claim based on unjustified enrichment 345 5. Extent of restitution 345 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 THE TURKISH CIVIL CODE and CODE of OBLIGATIONS 351 APPENDIX 2 FOREIGN CODES 403 I) CONTINENTAL/CIVIL LAW COUNTRIES 403 A) THE FRENCH CIVIL CODE 403 B)REICHSHAFTPFLICHTGESETZ 427 C) THE GERMAN CIVIL CODE 429 D)THE 1942 ITALIAN CIVIL CODE 468 II) COMMON LAW COUNTRIES / ANGLO - AMERICAN LAW 471 A) SALE OF GOODS ACT 1979 471 B) SALE AND SUPPLY OF GOODS ACT 1994 495 C) THE RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS 516 D) RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF AGENCY 564 E) THE SECOND RESTATEMENT OF TORTS 566 F) RESTATEMENT OF THE LAW THIRD; TORTS: LIABILITY FOR PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL HARM 567 APPENDIX 3 THE 1973 STRASBOURG CONVENTION ON CIVIL LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY MOTOR VEHICLES 577 APPENDIX 4 A) THE 1980 VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS 5851 B) UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS 2004 614′ C) UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE 652 APPENDIX 5 (A) PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN LAW OF CONTRACTS PECL 711 (B) PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN LAW OF TORTS - PELT 753 APPENDIX 6 j GLOSSARY ON BUSINESS, COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS 777
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